Fathers to Daughters the Legal Foundations of Female Emancipation Review

Indonesian who advocated for women's rights and female pedagogy

Raden Adjeng Kartini
Portrait of Raden Adjeng Kartini
Born	(1879-04-21)21 April 1879 Jepara, Fundamental Java, Dutch East Indies
Died	17 September 1904(1904-09-17) (aged 25) Rembang, Central Coffee, Dutch Eastward Indies (now Indonesia)
Other names	Raden Adjeng Kartini
Known for	Women's emancipation; national heroine
Spouse(s)	Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat
Children	Soesalit Djojoadhiningrat
Signature

Raden Adjeng ^[1] Kartini (21 April 1879 – 17 September 1904), besides known as Raden Ayu Kartini, was a prominent Indonesian activist who advocated for women's rights and female education.

She was born into an aristocratic Javanese family in the Dutch Due east Indies (present-solar day Indonesia). Subsequently attending a Dutch-language primary school, she wanted to pursue further teaching, but Javanese women at the time were barred from higher instruction. She met various officials and influential people, including J.H. Abendanon, who was in charge of implementing the Dutch Ethical Policy.

Subsequently her expiry, her sisters connected her advocacy of educating girls and women.^[ii] Kartini's messages were published in a Dutch mag and eventually, in 1911, as the works: Out of Darkness to Lite, Women's Life in the Village, and Letters of a Javanese Princess. Her birthday is now historic in Indonesia as Kartini Day in her honor, as well as multiple schools being named after her and a fund being established in her proper name to finance the pedagogy of girls in Republic of indonesia. She was interested in mysticism and opposed polygamy.

Biography [edit]

Kartini was built-in into an aloof Javanese family when Java was part of the Dutch colony of the Dutch East Indies. Kartini's male parent, Sosroningrat, became Regency Chief of Jepara after originally being the district primary of Mayong. Her female parent, Ngasirah, was the girl of Madirono and a religious teacher at Telukawur. She was Sosroningrat's first wife but not his most of import one. At this time, polygamy was a common do among the dignity. Colonial regulations required regency chiefs to marry a member of the nobility. Since Ngasirah was not of sufficiently high dignity,^[3] Sosroningrat married a second fourth dimension to Woerjan (Moerjam), a straight descendant of the Raja of Madura. Afterward this second marriage, Kartini'southward male parent was elevated to Regency Chief of Jepara, replacing his second wife's father, Tjitrowikromo.

Kartini was the fifth kid and 2nd-eldest daughter in a family unit of eleven, including half-siblings. She was born into a family unit with a potent intellectual tradition. Her gramps, Pangeran Ario Tjondronegoro Iv, became a regency chief at the age of 25, while Kartini's older brother, Sosrokartono, was an accomplished linguist. Kartini'southward family allowed her to attend schoolhouse until she was 12 years old. Here, amid other subjects, she learned Dutch, an unusual accomplishment for Javanese women at the time.^[4] After she turned 12 she was secluded (pingit) at home, which was a common practice among young female Javanese nobles, to fix them for spousal relationship. During seclusion, girls were not allowed to get out their parents' house until they were married, after which the authority over them was transferred to their husbands. Kartini'southward father was more lenient than some during his daughter's seclusion, giving her such privileges every bit embroidery lessons and occasional appearances in public for special events.

Letter by Kartini to Rosa Abendanon (fragment)

During her seclusion, Kartini continued to cocky-educate herself. She was fluent in Dutch and acquired several Dutch pen pals. 1 of which, was a daughter named Rosa Abendanon, who later became a close friend. Books, newspapers, and European magazines fed Kartini's interest in Europe and feminist thinking and overall fostered the desire to meliorate the conditions of ethnic Indonesian women, which at the time had a very low social status.

Kartini's reading included the Semarang newspaper, to which she began to transport her own contributions that were published. Before she was 20 she had read Max Havelaar and Love Letters past Multatuli. She also read De Stille Kracht (The Hidden Force) by Louis Couperus, the works of Frederik van Eeden, Augusta de Witt, the Romantic-Feminist writer Cécile de Jong van Beek en Donk,^[5] and an anti-war novel by Bertha von Suttner, Dice Waffen Nieder! (Lay Down Your Artillery!). All were in Dutch.

Kartini was non only concerned with the emancipation of women, but as well with other social justice issues within her gild. Kartini saw that the struggle for women to obtain their freedom, autonomy, and legal equality was just part of a wider motility.

Marriage, death and legacy [edit]

Kartini'due south parents arranged her marriage to Joyodiningrat, the Regency Chief of Rembang, who had already married three wives. She was midweek on 12 November 1903. She detested the wedlock proposal at showtime, only her hubby understood Kartini'southward aspirations and immune her to institute a women'due south school on the eastern porch of Rembang's Regency Function circuitous. Kartini's only child was born on September 13, 1904. A few days later on 17 September 1904, Kartini died at the age of 25. She was buried at Bulu Village, Rembang.

Inspired past R.A. Kartini's example, the Van Deventer family established the R.A. Kartini Foundation which congenital schools for women, starting in 1912 with 'Kartini's Schools' in Semarang, and followed by other women'southward schools in Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Malang, Madiun, Cirebon, and other areas.

Commemoration of Kartini Day in 1953

In 1964, President Sukarno declared R.A. Kartini's birth date, 21 April, as "Kartini Day"—an Indonesian national vacation. This determination has been criticized. It has been proposed that Kartini Day should be historic in conjunction with Indonesian Mothers' Day on 22 December. And so R.A. Kartini every bit a national heroine does not overshadow women who took arms to oppose the Dutch.

In contrast, those who recognize the significance of R.A. Kartini argue that not only was she an intellectual who elevated the status of Indonesian women, she was besides a nationalist effigy with mod ideas, who struggled on behalf of her people and played a role in the national struggle for independence.

Messages [edit]

Afterwards Kartini died, J.H. Abendanon, the Minister for Civilization, Religion, and Manufacture in the E Indies, collected and published the letters that she had sent to her friends in Europe. The book was titled Door Duisternis tot Licht (Out of Dark Comes Lite) and published in 1911. Information technology went through five editions, with boosted letters included in the terminal edition, and was translated into English by Agnes L. Symmers as Letters of a Javanese Princess. The publication of letters written by a native Javanese woman attracted great interest in kingdom of the netherlands, and Kartini's ideas began to change the fashion the Dutch viewed native women in Java. Her ideas also provided inspiration for prominent figures in the fight for independence.

This publication was edited to remove references to colonial figures, Islamic behavior, and Javanese culture, and the English translation fabricated further changes. Kartini'south unedited letters were first published in English language in 2014.^[6]

Ideas [edit]

Condition of Indonesian women [edit]

In her letters, Raden Adjeng Kartini wrote well-nigh her views of the social conditions prevailing at that fourth dimension, particularly the status of native Indonesian women. Almost of her letters protest the Javanese cultural tendency to impose obstacles in women's development. She wanted women to have the freedom to acquire and study. R.A. Kartini wrote of her ideas and ambitions, including Zelf-ontwikkeling, Zelf-onderricht, Zelf-vertrouwen, Zelf-werkzaamheid and Solidariteit. These ideas were all based on Religieusiteit, Wijsheid, en Schoonheid, that is, conventionalities in God, wisdom, and beauty, along with Humanitarianismus (humanitarianism) and Nationalismus' (nationalism).

Kartini's letters also expressed her hopes for back up from overseas. In her correspondence with Estell "Stella" Zeehandelaar, R.A. Kartini expressed her wish to exist equal with European women. She depicted the sufferings of Javanese women fettered past tradition, unable to report, secluded, and who must exist prepared to participate in polygamous marriages with men they don't know.

Vegetarianism [edit]

In letters dated to Oct 1902, Kartini expresses to Abendanon and her husband her desire to live a vegetarian life, which for her carried religious weight.

Living a life as a vegetarian is a wordless prayer to the Almighty.^[7]

Further studies and didactics [edit]

Although Kartini'southward father allowed his daughters' schooling until the age of twelve, he firmly closed the door to farther pedagogy. As a result, he prevented Kartini from standing her studies in kingdom of the netherlands or enter medical schoolhouse. Eventually, however, he gave permission for her to written report to become a teacher in Batavia (now Jakarta). In the end, her plans to study in Japan changed into plans to journey to Tokyo, on the advice of Abendanon that this would be all-time for Kartini and her younger sister, Ayu Rukmini. In 1903, plans to become a teacher in Tokyo were abased due to Kartini's upcoming marriage:

In short, I no longer desire to take advantage of this opportunity because I am to be married.

This was despite the Dutch Education Section finally giving permission for Kartini and Rukmini to study in Batavia.

Equally the wedding approached, R.A. Kartini's mental attitude towards Javanese traditional customs changed. She became more than tolerant and felt her marriage would bring adept fortune for her ambition to develop a school for native women. In her letters, she mentioned that her hubby supported her desire to develop the Jepara woodcarving industry and a school for native women, merely also mentioned that she was going to write a book. This ambition went unrealized due to her premature death in 1904.

Legacy [edit]

Kartini Schools opened in Bogor, Jakarta, and Malang. A order was likewise established in her proper noun in kingdom of the netherlands.^[8]

She appeared twice in the Indonesian rupiah banknotes, in the v rupiah (1952 edition, which issued on 1953) and the 10,000 rupiah (1985 edition).^{[nine] [10]}

Kartini Day [edit]

Sukarno'southward Old Order state alleged 21 Apr as Kartini 24-hour interval to remind women that they should participate in "the hegemonic state discourse of pembangunan (development)".^[11] Subsequently 1965, still, Suharto's New Club state reconfigured the prototype of Kartini from that of radical women's emancipator to one that portrayed her as a dutiful wife and obedient daughter, "as but a woman dressed in a kebaya who can melt."^[12] On that occasion, popularly known equally Hari Ibu Kartini or Mother Kartini Day, "young girls were to wear tight, fitted jackets, batik shirts, elaborate hairstyles, and ornate jewelry to school, supposedly replicating Kartini'due south attire just in reality, wearing an invented and more constricting ensemble than she ever did."^[xiii]

The melody of "Ibu Kita Kartini" (Our Mother Kartini) by W. R. Supratman:

Tribute [edit]

On April 21, 2016, Google historic her 137th birthday with a Google Putter.^[fourteen]

See as well [edit]

• Gerwani

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Raden Adjeng was a championship borne by married women of the priyayi or Javanese nobles of the Robe grade
2. ^ Indonesia 1800–1950 Beck
3. ^ Harvard Asia Quarterly Archived August 16, 2006, at the Wayback Automobile
4. ^ "RA. Kartini". Guratan Pena. 27 April 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
5. ^ "Cécile Goekoop-De Jong van Beek en Donk (1866–1944), feministe en schrijfster". www.bhic.nl (in Dutch).
6. ^ Kartini, Raden Adjeng (2014). Kartini : the consummate writings 1898–1904. Clayton, Victoria. p. fourteen. ISBN9781922235107.
7. ^ Lukas Adi Prasetya (21 Apr 2010). "Siapa Menyangka RA Kartini Vegetarian". Kompas.com. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
8. ^ Ideology and Revolution in Southeast Asia 1900–75 by Clive J Christie, Clive J. Christie
9. ^ Liputan6.com (21 April 2021). "Mengenang Perjuangan Kartini Lewat Uang Kertas Rupiah Emisi 1952 dan 1985". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
10. ^ Agency, ANTARA News. "Pahlawan Kartini jadi gambar dalam uang kertas rupiah dua kali". ANTARA News Jawa Barat . Retrieved 24 April 2021.
11. ^ Bulbeck, Chilla (2009). Sex, dearest and feminism in the Asia Pacific: a cantankerous-cultural study of immature people's attitudes. ASAA women in Asia. London New York: Routledge. ISBN9780415470063. Preview.
12. ^ Yulianto, Vissia Ita (21 April 2010). "Is celebrating Kartini's Day however relevant today?". The Djakarta Post. Archived from the original on seven August 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
13. ^ Ramusack, Barbara N. (2005). "Women and Gender in South and Southeast Asia". In Bonnie G. Smith (ed.). Women's History in Global Perspective. University of Illinois Press. pp. 101–138 [129]. ISBN978-0-252-02997-four . Retrieved xv March 2013.
14. ^ "R.A. Kartini'southward 137th Birthday". Google. 21 April 2016.

References [edit]

Chief sources [edit]

• Anonymous [Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1898), "The Jepara Manuscript." Presented at Nationale Tentoonstelling van Vrouwenarbeid 1898.

  Reprinted in Rouffaer and Juynboll (1912), De Batik-Kunst in Nederlandsch-Indië en haar Geschiedenis op Grond van Materiaal aanwezig in 's Rijks Etnographisch Museum en Andere Openbare en Particuliere Verzamelingen in Nederland.

• Anonymous [Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1899), "Het Huwelijk bij de Kodja's." Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land, en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, vol. six, no.1.
• Tiga Saudara [pseudonym of Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1899), "Een Gouverneur Generaals Dag." De Echo: weekblad voor dames in Indië, September 2–November 18, 1899.
• Tiga Saudara [pseudonym of Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1900), "Een Oorlogsschip op de Ree." De Echo: weekblad voor dames in Indië, Apr 5–June 10, 1900.
• Kartini (1903), "Van een Vergeten Uithoekje." Eigen Haard (Amsterdam), no. 1.

Posthumous publications:

• Kartini (1904). "Ontgoocheling." Weeklblad voor Indië (Surabaya), October two, 1904.
• Raden Adjeng Kartini (1912), Door duisternis tot licht, with a foreword past J.H. Abendanon, The Hague

  Partial English language translation, 1920: Letters of a Javanese princess, translated by Agnes Louise Symmers with a foreword by Louis Couperus, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0-8191-4758-3 (1986 edition), ISBN 1-4179-5105-2 (2005 edition)

  Partial Indonesian translation, 1938: Habis gelap tributlah terang, Balai Pustaka

• Raden Adjeng Kartini (1987), Brieven aan mevrouw R.M. Abendanon-Mandri en haar echtgenoot : met andere documenten. Dordrecht: Foris.

  Indonesian translation, 1989: Kartini surat-surat kepada Ny. R.M. Abendanon-Mandri dan suaminya. Jakarta: Djambatan.

  English translation, 1992: Messages from Kartini : an Indonesian feminist, 1900–1904. Clayton, Vict.: Monash Asia Institute.

• Raden Adjeng Kartini (1995), On Feminism and Nationalism: Kartini'due south Letters to Stella Zeehandelaar 1899–1903. Clayton, Vict.: Monash University.

  Indonesian translation, 2004: "Aku Mau ... Feminisme dan Nasionalisme. Surat-surat Kartini kepada Stella Zeehandelaar 1899–1903" (Jakarta : IRB Printing)

• Raden Adjeng Kartini (2014), Kartini : the consummate writings 1898–1904. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University.

Secondary sources [edit]

• M.C. Van Zeggelen (1945), "Kartini", J.Thousand. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam (in Dutch)
• K.Vierhout (1942), "Raden Adjeng Kartini", Oceanus, Den Haag (in Dutch)
• Elisabeth Keesing (1999), Betapa besar pun sebuah sangkar; Hidup, suratan dan karya Kartini. Jakarta: Djambatan, 5 + 241 pp.
• J. Anten (2004), Honderd(vijfentwintig) jaar Raden Adjeng Kartini; Een Indonesische nationale heldin in beeld, Nieuwsbrief Nederlands Fotogenootschap 43: 6–9.

External links [edit]

juarezactemend1952.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini

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